第61节

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  aboutit.iiesofthesixteeury,the</p>

  ruurtookadefiniteshape.agtopilotswhohad</p>

  beeninlisbon,allthespanishandpuesewharveswere</p>

  buildingships.andiheherlandsinbelgiubr></p>

  thedukealargeexpeditionary</p>

  forostendtolondonandaterdabr></p>

  assoonasthefleetshouldarrive.</p>

  intheyear1586thegreatardasetsailforthenorth.</p>

  buttheharboursofthefleshastkadedbya</p>

  dutchfleetandtheelheenglish,and</p>

  thespaniards,austodtothequieterseasofthesouth,did</p>

  notknoonavigateinthissquallyandbleaknorthe</p>

  clite.adaoacked</p>

  byshipsandbystoritellyou.afewships,by</p>

  sailingaroundireland,escapedtotelltheterriblestoryof</p>

  defeat.theothersperishedahebottofthenorth</p>

  sea.</p>

  tuaboutisfairplay.thebritishnodthedutchprot</p>

  estantsnoy.</p>

  beforetheendofthean,hthehelpofa</p>

  booklettenbylinschotenahollanderwhohadbeenin</p>

  thepueseservice,hadatlastdisveredtherouteto</p>

  theindies.asaresultthegreatdutcheastindiapany</p>

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  spanishloniesinasiaandafricawasbeguninallseriousness.</p>

  ithisearlyeraoflonialhata</p>

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  thesevehturyadutaptainbythenaofvan</p>

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  passagetotheindiesahefrozen</p>

  shoresoftheislandofnovazela,hadcapturedapuese</p>

  shipiraitsoflaberthat</p>

  thepopehaddividedtheotwoequalshares,oneof</p>

  othespaniardsahertothe</p>

  puese.thepuesequitenaturallyregardedthe</p>

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  oont,theyatwar</p>

  edthatthe</p>

  captainofaprivatedutchtradingpanyhadnhtto</p>

  eheirprivatedoinaheirships.andthey</p>

  broughtsuit.thedirectorsofthedutcheastindiapany</p>

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  grotius,todefendtheircase.hedetheastonishingplea</p>

  thattheoisfreetoallers.osidethedistance</p>

  thelandreach,theseais</p>

  togrotiusoughttobe,afreeandopenhighway</p>

  toalltheshipsofallnations.itethatthis</p>

  startlingdoehadbeenpubliclypronounaurt</p>

  oflaheotherseafaringpeople.to</p>

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  liberuor``opensea,johnselden,theenglishn,</p>

  oustreatiseuponthe``relosed</p>

  seareatedofthenaturalrightofasntard</p>

  theseasryasbelongingtohisterritory.</p>

  intionthisherebecausethequestionhad</p>

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  difficultiesandplications.</p>

  toretutotheweenspaniardandhollander</p>

  andenglishn,beforetost</p>

  valuableloheindiesandthecapeofgoodhopeand</p>

  ceylonandthosealoofaandevenjapanwere</p>

  inprotestanthands.in1621apanywas</p>

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  heyear1609</p>

  thesenehenglandach</p>

  republictosuextentthattheyuldhirefnsoldiers</p>

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  tortheprotestaant</p>

  independenanyotherpartsof</p>

  europeitantasuessionofhorrorsparedtohe</p>

  lastildexcursionofkindlysundayschoolboys.</p>

  thethirtyyearsheyear1618</p>

  andoustreatyofphaliain1648</p>

  heperfeaturalresultofaturyofeverincreasing</p>

  religioushatred.iterriblewar.everybody</p>

  foughteverybodyelsearuggleendedonlywhen</p>

  allpartieshadbeenthhlyexhaustedanduldfightno</p>

  longer.</p>

  ihanageionittuednypartsoftral</p>

  europeintoahehungrypeasantsfought</p>

  fortheassofadeadhorsehtheevenhungrierwolf.</p>

  fivesixthsofallthegerntoroyed.</p>

  thepalatinate,inany,lundered</p>

  tes.andapopulatioeenllion</p>

  peopleillion.</p>

  thehostilitiesbeganalstassoonasferdinandiiof</p>

  thehouseofhabsburghadbeeedeeror.hewas</p>

  theproduostcarefuljesuittrainingandost</p>

  obedientasonoftheh.thevohhehad</p>

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  allheresiesfroisdoins,ferdinaothebestof</p>

  hisability.tion,hischiefoppo,</p>

  frederick,theprotestaorofthepalatinateanda</p>

  soninlaesiofengland,hadbeendekingof</p>

  bohea,iviolationofferdinandswishes.</p>

  atonia.the</p>

  youngkinglookedinvainforassistanidable</p>

  ehedutchrepublihelp,but,</p>

  engagedinadesperatesohthespanishbranch</p>

  ofthehabsburgs,itulddolittle.thestuartsinengland</p>

  oreiediheningtheiroepower</p>

  athothanspendingneyandnuponaforloadventure</p>

  infaraia.afterastruggleofafeonths,</p>

  theelectorofthepalatinateains</p>

  othehouseofbavaria.thishebeginning</p>

  ofthegreatwar.</p>

  thenthehabsburgares,uillyandein,</p>

  foughttheirany</p>

  untiltheyhadreachedtheshoresofthebaltiatholic</p>

  neighbourantseriousdaheprotestantkingof</p>

  denrk.selfbyattag</p>

  hiseneesbeforetheyhad</p>

  ...</p>