第40节

  【】nity.</p>

  butaftertheyhadsettleddoehadbeerich</p>

  andothershadgroenttofallinto</p>

  thehandsofthoseobligedtoheirliving</p>

  andselvestopolitics.</p>

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  sopotaaandingreeong</p>

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  hadbeeored.theeeuropeanworldwasruled</p>

  inthefirstplacebyaneeroredbytheseven</p>

  htstiortantkingsofthevastroneireof</p>

  thegernnationandaginary</p>

  andverylittleactualpoberof</p>

  ki</p>

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  subjectssorserfs.thereies.there</p>

  iddleclass.butdurihirteeury</p>

  afteraathousaheddle</p>

  oreappeareduponthehis</p>

  toricalstageanditsriseichapter,</p>

  hadantadecreaseintheinfluehecastlefolk.</p>

  thusfar,theking,inrulinghisdoins,hadonlypaid</p>

  attentiontotheenandhisbishops.butthe</p>

  he</p>

  theddleclassorsuffer</p>

  froneverincreasiinessofhisexchequer.their</p>

  jestiesiftheyhadfolloheirhiddenwisheswould</p>

  haveasliefnsultedtheirheirpigsasthegood</p>

  burghersoftheirselves.</p>

  theyshebitterpillbecauseitnot</p>

  houtastruggle.</p>

  inengland,duringtheabsenhardthelion</p>

  heartedotheholyland,butending</p>

  thegreaterpartofhiscrusadingvoyageinanaustrian</p>

  jailthegoventoftheuntryhadbeenplathe</p>

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  begunhisandyandthe</p>

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  ehehohenstaufens.thepopehadexnicated</p>

  johnasgregoryviihadexnicatedtheeeror</p>

  henryivturiesbefore.intheyear1ad</p>

  beenobligedtokeanignoniouspeacejustashenryiv</p>

  <ear1077.</p>

  undisyedbyhislaess,johnntioabuse</p>

  hisroyalpoadeaprisoner</p>

  oftheiranointedrulerandforisethathe</p>

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  thethas,hevillageofruhe15thof</p>

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  hisnaagnacarta.it</p>

  ntainedverylittlethatrestatedinshortand</p>

  direerated</p>

  theprivilegesofhisvassals.itpaidlittleattentiontothe</p>

  rightsifanyofthevastjorityofthepeople,thepeasants,</p>

  butitoffereduritiestotherisingclassofthe</p>

  rts.itportanauseitdefined</p>

  thepooreprecisionthanhadeverbeen</p>

  donebefore.butitediaevaldot.it</p>

  didonhunbeings,uheyhappeo</p>

  bethepropertyofthevassal,ustbesafeguarded</p>

  againstroyaltyrannyjustasthebaronialows</p>

  ectedagainstanexcessofzealoofthe</p>

  royalforesters.</p>

  afeer,hoohearaverydifferent</p>

  heuy.</p>

  john,nly</p>

  hadprosedtoobeythegreatcharterandthenhadbroken</p>

  everyosnystipulations.fortunately,hesoondied</p>

  ando</p>

  reghecharteraneeanhe</p>

  oneyandthe</p>

  kingightpayhis</p>

  obligationstothejeoneylehelargelandowners</p>

  andthebishopsedasuncillorstothekinguld</p>

  notprovidehithenecessarygoldandsilver.theking</p>

  thengaveordersthatafeativesofthecitiesbe</p>

  calledupontoattendthesessionsofhisgreatuncil.they</p>

  detheirfirstappearaheyear1265.theyweresupposed</p>

  toalyasfinancialexpertssupposed</p>

  totakeapartinthegeneraldisattersofstate,but</p>

  togiveadvilusivelyuponthequestionoftaxation.</p>

  gradually,hons</p>

  anyoftheprobleaing</p>

  ofnoblen,bishopsandcitydelegatesdevelopedintular</p>

  parliant,aplace``oulonparfait,eansinenglish</p>

  portantaffairsofstatewere</p>

  decidedupon.</p>

  buttheinstitutionofsuchageneraladvisoryboardh</p>

  certaiivepoanenglishiion,as</p>

  seetokethegeneralbelief,andgoventbya``kingand</p>

  hisparliantearictedtothebritishisles.</p>

  youeuntries,</p>

  likefraherapidincreaseoftheroyalpoerthe</p>

  ddleagesreduenttonothing.</p>

  intheyear1302representativesofthecitieshadbeen</p>

  adttedtotheetingofthefrenchparliant,butfive</p>

  entrong</p>

  enoughtoasserttherightsoftheddleclass,thesocalled</p>

  thirdestate,ahepoheking.thenthey</p>

  deupforlosttiandduringthefrenchrevolution,abolished</p>

  theking,theadetherepresentatives</p>

  ofthenpeopletherulersoftheland.in</p>

  spaiexthekingsuncilhadbeeothe</p>

  nersasearlyasthefirsthalfofthethtury.</p>

  inthegerineire,anuerofiortantcitieshadobtained</p>

  therankof``ierialcitiesust</p>

  beheardintheierialdiet.</p>

  insativesofthepeopleattehesessions</p>

  oftheriksdagatthefirstetingoftheyear1359.in</p>

  denrkthedaneholf,theanbly,wasre</p>

  establishedin1314,and,althoughtheenregairol</p>

  ofth</p>

  ...</p>